< back to Topics & Species lists          > Reference list 

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES

TOPIC: Neurohumerol control of the digestive system

Figure 11.1.  Cross-sectional and cut-away diagram of the wall of the small intestine showing the extrinsic parasympathetic  (a) and sympathetic (b) nerve fibers entering via the mesentery, and the submucosal (e) and myenteric (g) plexuses of the enteric nervous system.  Cross section shows the successive layers of mucosa (c), submucosa (d), circular muscle (f), longitudinal muscle (h) and serosa (i).  (Modified from Gershon and Erde 1980)  (From CD Chapter 11)



Figure 11.2. Visceral efferent (autonomic) innervation of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. The sympathetic enervation is shown to the left of the figure and the parasympathetic enervation is shown on the right. SCG; Superior cervical ganglion; CG, celiac ganglion; SMG, superior mesenteric ganglion; IMG, inferior mesenteric ganglion; IMN, intermesenteric nerve; LCN, lumbar colonic nerves; HN, hypogastric nerves; X, vagus dorsal motor nucleus and vagus nerve; PN, pelvic nerves; IAS, internal anal sphincter.  (From Roman and Gonella 1981).  (From CD Chapter 11)


Table 11.1a.  (From CD Chapter 11)

Abbreviations: 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine); AP, ADP, AMP (adenine and adenine nucleotides).  (from Burks 1994 and Dockray 1994)


Table 11.1b.  (From CD Chapter 11)

Abbreviations: VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide); GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide).  (from Burks 1994 and Dockray 1994)


Table 11.2a.  (From CD Chapter 11)

(from Walsh 1994)


Table 11.2b.  (From CD Chapter 11)

(from Walsh 1994)



Figure 11.3.  The role of hormones in controlling gastric acid secretion, pancreatic secretion of salts and enzymes, and contraction of the gallbladder.  Release of gastrin, from the pylorus, initiates the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the oxyntic cells in the fundus.  The duodenal-jejunal hormones secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (now referred to as simply cholecystokinin or CCK), initiate the secretion of, pancreatic fluids and enzymes, respectively.  Gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP) inhibits gastric acid secretion.  Open arrows indicate inhibition. Closed arrows indicate stimulation.  (From Bentley 1982).  (From CD Chapter 11)



Figure 11.4.  Diagrammatic representation of the autonomic cholinergic excitatory (red line), adrenergic (yellow line) and nonadrenergic inhibitory (blue line) nerves to the stomach of vertebrates. (From Burnstock 1969).  (From CD Chapter 11)



Figure 11.5.  Diagrammatic representation of the autonomic cholinergic excitatory (red line), adrenergic (yellow line) and nonadrenergic inhibitory (blue line) nerves to the intestine of vertebrates. (From Burnstock 1969).  (From CD Chapter 11)


Table 11.3.  (From CD Chapter 11)

Abbreviations: SOM, somatostatin; APP, avian pancreatic polypeptide; PYY, polypeptide YY; GLUC, glucagon; SEC, secretin; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; GAS, gastrin; CCK, cholecystokinin; NT, neurotensin; BN, bombesin; SP, substance P; ENK, leu-enkephaline; MOT, motilin; 5-HT, serotonin.  PYY data (El-Salhy et al. 1982, recently hatched chicks), ENK data (Alumnets et al. 1978, chickens), 5-HT data (unpublished observations, chicks at hatching), CCK duodenum data (Larrson and Rehfeld 1977, chickens), All other data (Rawdon and Andrew 1981, chicks at hatching). (from Rawdon 1984)


Table 11.4.  (From CD Chapter 11)

-- absent, + rare (not detected in every animal), + few (detected in every animal but not every section), ++ moderate, +++numerous. (from Yamada et al. 1987)



Figure 11.6.  Populations of endocrine cells that are immunoreactive to peptides in the digestive system of the frog Rana catesbeiana.  (From Fujita et al. 1981).  (From CD Chapter 11)


< top of page