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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES

TOPIC: Evolution of the digestive system

Figure 12.1.  Phylogeny of the Animal Kingdom as reflected by the views of L. Hyman (From Barnes 1987).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.2.  Formation of food vacuoles and digestion in a ciliated protozoa, such as Tetrahymena. (From Barnes 1987).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.3.  Body form (A) and body wall (B) of a hydra. (From Barnes 1987).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.4.  Anterior internal structures of the earthworm Lumbricus (From Barnes 1987).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.5.  Lateral view of internal structures a generalized mollusk. (From Barnes 1987).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.6. Digestive tract of the squid Loglaga and octopus Octopus vulgaris (From Barnes 1987).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.7.  Digestive system of a crustacean crayfish. (From Barnes 1987).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.8.  Schematic diagram of the digestive tract of an insect. (Modified from Wigglesworth 1962).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.9.  Modifications of the gastrointestinal tract of insects. The foregut and hindgut are indicated by a red highlight. (From Wigglesworth 1962).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.10.  Enterocirculation of water by the alimentary tract of insects. Letters indicate the midgut (a), Malpighian tubules (b), hindgut (c), and rectum (d). (From Wigglesworth 1962).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.11.  Transport mechanisms in the apical and basolateral membranes of the locust rectal pad epithelium.  Arrows through solid circles indicate carrier-mediated transport. Thick arrows indicate major ion pumps.  Sodium is transported across the apical membrane in cotransport with amino acids and in exchange for intracellular H⁺ and the intercellular NH₄⁺.  (From Phillips et al. 1988).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.12.  Phylogenetic origins of various groups of vertebrates. A) Urodela, B) Lepospondylii, C) Apoda, D) Anura, E) Labyrinthodontia, F) Apisidospondylii, G) Chelonia, H) Anapsida, I) Cotylosauria, J) Eurapsida, K) Diapsida, L) Eosuchia, M) Squamata, N) Rhyncocephalia, O) Ornithischia, P)Thecodontia, Q) Synapsida, R) Parapsida, S) Pelycosauria, T) Pterosauria, U) Crocodilia, V) Aves, W) Saurischia, X) Prototheria, Y) Metatheria, Z) Pantotheria, AA) Therapsida, BB) Eutheria, CC) Ichthyosauria.  (Modified from Torrey 1971).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.13. Evolution of biochemical elements of the nervous and endocrine systems (Modified from Le Roith et al. 1982).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.14. Alimentary tract of termite Eutermes; a) esophagus, b) crop, c) proventriculus, d) midgut, e) Malpighian tubules, f) hindgut, g) rectal valve, h) rectal pouch, i) terminal rectum. (Modified from Wigglesworth 1962).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure. 12.15. Unlike mammals (A), ornithopod dinosaurs (B) had jaws of equal width and cheek teeth that interlocked to form oblique, shearing surfaces. (From Norman and Weishampel 1985).   (From CD Chapter 12)


Table 12.1a.   (From CD Chapter 12)

Body masses calculated from scale model (M), pelvic height (P), femur diameter (F), or humerus diameter (H). Asterisk denotes body mass cited by authors, all other values are estimates from information provided by authors. (modified from Peczkis 1994)


Table 12.1b.   (From CD Chapter 12)

Body masses calculated from scale model (M), pelvic height (P), femur diameter (F), or humerus diameter (H). Asterisk denotes body mass cited by authors, all other values are estimates from information provided by authors. (modified from Peczkis 1994)



Figure (not numbered).  A hadrosaur dinosaur Gryptosaurus from the late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. (Weishampel & Young 1996).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure (not numbered).  A ceratopsian dinosaur Styracosaurus of western America from the late Cretaceous of western America. (Weishampel & Young 1996).   (From CD Chapter 12)



Figure 12.16.  Diversification of angiosperms, rodents, ungulates, and macropod marsupials during the Tertiary.  The width of columns is a compromise between species diversity and density. (data on angiosperms: Van Soest 1994; data on rodents: Romer 1966; data on ungulates: Janis 1976; data on macropod marsupials: Hume 1978) (Modified from Stevens and Hume 1995).   (From CD Chapter 12)


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