< go to References A-Z

< go to Illustration Species lists: Fish  Amphibians  Reptiles  Birds  Mammals

< go to Illustration Topics list:  Classifications  Energy  General  Anatomy  Motor  Digesta  Enzymes  Micobial  Secretion  Neurohumerol  Evolution

< go to CD: 1.Introduction  2.Classifications  3.Energy  4.General  5.Anatomy  6.Motor  7.Digesta  8.Enzymes  9.Micobial  10.Secretion  11.Neuroendocrine  12.Evolution

line

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES

REFERENCES: S


Sakaguchi, E., Becker, G., Rechkemmer, G., and Engelhardt, W. v. 1985. Volume, solute concentrations and production of short-chain fatty acids in the caecum and upper colon of the guinea pig.  Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernahrg. u. Futtermittelkde. 54: 276-285.

Sakaguchi, E., Heller, R., Becker, G., and Engelhardt, W. v. 1986. Retention of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea pig.  J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 55: 434-50.

Sakaguchi, E., and Matsumoto, T. 1985. Effect of monensin on feed utilization and gastrointestinal fermentation in the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Br. J. Nutr. 54: 147-155.

Sakata, T. 1987. Stimulatory effect of short-chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine: a possible explanation for trophic effects of fermentable fibre, gut microbes and luminal trophic factors. Br. J. Nutr. 58: 95-103.

Salanitro, J. P., Blake, I. G., Muirhead, P. A., Maglio, M., and Goodman, J. R. 1978.  Bacteria isolated from the duodenum, ileum, and cecum of young chicks. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:  782-790

Salse, A., Crampes, F., and Raynaud, P. 1977.  Measurement of N urea dietary value by intracaecal perfusion in rabbit.  Ann. Biol. Anim. Biochim. Biophys. 17: 559-566.

Sanft, K. The ratites. 1975. In Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia.Vol. 7, Birds I, pp. 89-109.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold

Sanft, K., Grzimek, B., Saur, E., and Saur, F. 1975.The Ratites. In: Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 7, Birds I,  pp. 89-109. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   
Sanson, G. D. 1989. Morphological adaptations of teeth to diets and feeding. In Kangaroos, Wallabies, and Rat Kangaroos, ed. G. Grigg, P. Jarman, and I. D. Hume. Sydney: Surrey Beatty.

Savage, D. C. 1977. Interactions between the host and its microbes. In Microbial Ecology of the Gut, ed. R.T. J. Clarke and T. Bauchop, pp. 277-310. New York: Academic Press.
   
Savage, D. C. 1986.  Gastrointestinal microflora in mammalian nutrition.  Annu. Rev. Nutr. 6: 155-178.

Savage, R .J. G., Domning, D. P., and Thewissen, J. G. M. 1994. Fossil sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. V. The most primitive known sirenian, Prorastomus sirenoides Owen, 1855. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 14: 427-449.

Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1984. Scaling: Why is Animal Size so Important? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schmidt-Nielsen, K., Crawford, E. C., Newsome, A. E., Rawson, K. S., and Hammal, H. T. 1967. Metabolic rate of camels: effects of body temperature and dehydration.  Am. J. Physiol. 212: 341-346.

Schneider, E. 1990. Pika. In Grzimek’s Encyclopedia of Mammals, Vol. 4.  pp. 305-324. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Schwartz, G. T., and Rasmussen, D. T. 1993. Body size and community structure of extinct hyracoids. J. Vert.13: 56A.

Sellers, A. F., Lowe, J. E., and Brondum, J. 1979.  Motor events in equine large colon.  Am. J. Physiol. 237: E457-E464.

Sellers, A. F., Lowe, J. E., Drost, C. J., Rendano, V. T., Georgi, J. R., and Roberts, M. C. 1982.  Retropulsion-propulsion in equine large colon. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43: 390-396.

Sellers, A. F., and Stevens, C. E. 1960.  Pressure events in bovine esophagus and reticulorumen associated with eructation, deglutition and regurgitation.  Am. J. Physiol. 199: 598-602.

Sellers, A. F., and Stevens, C. E. 1966.  Motor functions of the ruminant forestomach.  Physiol. Rev. 46: 634-661.

Shirazi-Beechey, S. P., Hirayama, B. A., Wang, Y., Scott, D. Smith, M. W., and Wright, E. M. 1991 a.  Ontogenic development of lamb intestinal sodium-glucose transporter is regulated by diet. J. Physiol. (London).  437: 699-708.

Shirazi-Beechey, S. P., Smith, M. W., Wang, Y., and James, P. S.  1991b.  Postnatal development of lamb intestinal digestive enzymes is not regulated by diet. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 437: 691-698.

Shkolnik, A., Maltz, E. and Choshniak, I  1980.  The role of the ruminants digestive tract as a water reservoir. In  Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants, ed. Y. Ruckebusch and P. Thivend. pp. 731-742. Lancaster, U. K.: MTP Press.

Siciliano-Jones, J., and Murphy, M. R. 1989. Production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and cecum-colon of steers as affected by forage: concentrate and forage physical form. J. Dairy Sci. 72: 485-492.

Silanikove, N. 1989. Role of rumen and saliva in the homeostatic response to rehydration in cattle. Am J. Physiol. 256: R816-R821

Simon, G. L. and Gorbach, S. L. 1987. Intestinal flora and gastrointestinal function. In Physiology of the Digestive Tract.. ,  2nd ed., Vol.2, ed. L. R. Johnson, J. Christensen, M. J. Jackson, E. D. Jacobson and J. H. Walsh, New York: Raven Press. 

Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principals of classification and the classification of mammals. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 85: I-XLV. 1-350.

Simpson. G. G. 1950. The Meaning of Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
 
Skadhauge, E. 1993. Basic characteristics and hormonal regulation of ion transport in avian hindguts.  In: Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology. Vol. 16, ed. W. Clauss,  pp. 67-93. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Skadhauge, E., Thomas, D. H., Chadwick, A., and Jallageas, M. 1983. Time course of adaptation to low and high NaCl diets in the domestic fowl. Pflugers Arch. 396: 301-307. 

Skoczylas, R. 1978.  Physiology of the digestive tract.  In Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 8, ed. C. G. Gans and K. A. Gans, pp. 589-717. New York: Academic Press.

Slaytor, M. 1992. Cellulose digestion in termites and cockroaches: what role do symbionts play? Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 103: 775-784.

Smith, H. W. 1943. The evolution of the kidney. In Lectures on the Kidney. Porter Lecture Series No. 9. Lawrence University of Kansas Press. 

Smith, L. W., Goering, H. K., and Gordon, C. H. 1972. Relationships of forage composition with rates of cell wall digestion and indigestibility of cell walls. J. Dairy Sci. 55: 1140-1147.

Smith, P. L., Cascairo, M., and Sullivan, S. 1985.  Sodium dependence of luminal alkalinization by rabbit ileal mucosa.  Am. J. Physiol. 249: G358-G368.

Smith, P. L., and McCabe, R. D. 1984.  Mechanism and regulation of
transcellular potassium transport by the colon.  Am. J. Physiol. 247:
G445-G456.

Smith, R. H., and McAllan, A. B. 1971.  Nucleic acid metabolism in the ruminant.  Br. J. Nutr. 25: 181-190.                                                                 

Soergel, K. H., and Hofmann, A. F. 1972.  Absorption.  In Pathophy-siology. Altered Regulatory Mechanisms in Disease, ed. E. D. Frohlich, pp. 423-453. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.

Sorrell, M. F., Frank, O., Thomson, A. D., Aquino, H., and Baker, H. 1971.  Absorption of vitamins from the large intestine in vivo.  Nutr. Rep. Int. 3: 143-148.

Spalinger, D. E., and Robbins, C. T. 1992. The dynamics of particle flow in the rumen of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni).  Physiol. Zool. 65: 379-402.

Sperber, I., Bjornhag, G., and Ridderstrale, Y. 1983. Function of proximal colon in lemming and rat. Swed.J. Agric. Res. 13: 243-256.

Staaland, H., and Thing, H. 1991. Distribution of nutrients and minerals in the alimentary tract of muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus. Comp. J. Zool. A 98: 543-549.

Stevens, C. E. 1958.  Studies on the Reflex Regulation of the Ruminant Stomach with Special Attention to the Eructation Reflex. Ph. D. Thesis.  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

Stevens, C. E. 1977.  Comparative physiology of the digestive system.  In Duke's Physiology of Domestic Animals, ed. M. J. Swenson, 9th ed.,  pp.216-232. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Stevens, C. E. 1980.  The gastrointestinal tract of mammals: major variations.  In Comparative Physiology: Primitive Mammals, ed. K. Schmidt-Nielsen, L. Bolis, C.R. Taylor, P. T. Bentley, and C. E. Stevens, pp. 52-62. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Stevens, C. E. 1983.  Comparative anatomy and physiology of the herbivore digestive tract.  In Proceedings of the Second Annual Dr. Scholl Conference on the Nutrition of Captive Wild Animals, ed. T. P. Meehan, B. A. Thomas, and K. Bell, pp. 8-16.  Chicago: Lincoln Park Zoological Society.

Stevens, C. E. 1990. Evolution of herbivores. Acta Vet Scand. (Suppl.) 86: 9-19. 

Stevens, C. E. 1998. Digestive strategies of vertebrate herbivores. In Proceedings of the Second Comparative Nutritional Society Symposium. Silver Springs, Maryland, Comparative Nutrition Society.

Stevens, C. E. 2001. The Digestive System of Vertebrates CD. Comparative Nutrition Society.

Stevens, C. E., Argenzio, R. A., and Roberts, M. C. 1986. Comparative physiology of the mammalian colon and suggestions of animal models of human disorders.  Clinics in Gastro-enterology 15: 763-786.

Stevens, C. E., Dobson, A., and Mammano, J. H. 1969.  A transepithelial pump for weak electrolytes. Am. J. Physiol. 216: 983-987.

Stevens C. E., and Hume, I. D. 1995.Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Stevens C. E., and Hume, I. D. 1998. Contributions of microbes in vertebrate gastrointestinal tract to production and conservation of nutrients. Physiol. Rev. 78: 393-427.

Stevens, C. E., and Sellers, A. F. 1968.  Rumination.  In Handbook of Physiology, Sec. 6, Alimentary Canal, Vol. 5, Bile; Digestion; Ruminal Physiology, ed. C. F. Code and W. Heidel, pp. 2699-2704. Washington, D. C.: American Physiological Society.

Stevens, C. E., Sellers, A. F., and Spurrell, F. A. 1960. Function of the bovine omasum in ingesta transfer. Am. J. Physiol. 198: 449-455.

Stevens, C. E., and Stettler, B. K. 1966a.  Factors affecting the transport of volatile fatty acids across rumen epithelium.  Am. J. Physiol. 210: 365-372.

Stevens, C. E., and Stettler, B. K. 1966b.  Transport of fatty acid mixtures across rumen epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 211: 264-271.

Storer, R. W. 1971a. Classification of birds. In Avian Biology, Vol. 1, ed. D. S. Farner, J. R. King, and K. C. Parks, pp.1-18. New York: Academic Press.

Storer, R. W. 1971b. Adaptive radiation of birds. In Avian Biology, Vol. 1, ed. D. S. Farner, J. R. King, and K. C. Parks, pp. 150-180. New York: Academic Press.

Straganov, N. S., 1963. The  food selectivity of the amur fishes. In Problems of Fisheries: Exploitation of Plant-eating Fishes, pp. 181-191. Turkman U.S.S.R.: Ashhagad Academy of Science.        

Stroband, H. W. J., and Debets, F. M. H. 1978.  The ultrastructure and renewal of the intestinal epithelium of the juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.). Cell Tissue Res. 187: 181-200.

Svendsen, P. 1969.  Etiology and pathogenesis of abomasal displacement in cattle.  Nord. Vet. Med. 21, (Suppl. I).

Swain, T. 1976. Angiosperm-reptile co-evolution. Linnean Society Symposium. 3: 107-122.