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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES

REFERENCES: R


Raethal, H-S. 1975. Partridge, Quails, and Tragopans. In: Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 7, Birds I, pp. 473-494. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Rahm, U, and Thenius, E. 1972. Hyraxes. In: Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 12, Mammals III, pp. 513-522.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold

Rambaud, J. C. 1992. Ecologie bacterienne du tube digestif et defense de l'organisme. Annales de Gastroenteroloie et d Hepatologie. 28: 263-266.

Rasmussen, D. T. 1989. The evolution of the Hyracoidea: a review of the fossil evidence. In The Evolution of the Perissodactyls, ed. D. R. Prothero and R. M. Schoch. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rawdon, B. B. 1984. Gastrointestinal hormones in birds: morphological, chemical and developmental aspects. J. Exp. Zool. 232:639-670.

Rawdon, B. B., and Andrew, A. 1981.  An immunocytochemical survey of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of chicks at hatching.Cell Tissue Res. 220: 279-292.

Rechkemmer, G, and Engelhardt, W. v. 1993. Absorption and secretion of electrolytes and short-chain fatty acids in the guinea pigs large intestine.  In Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, Vol.16, ed. W. Clauss, pp. 139-167. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Reeder, W. G. 1964.  The digestive system.  In Physiology of the Amphibia, vol. 1, ed. J. A. Moore, pp. 99-149.  New York: Academic Press.

Reenstra, W. W., Bettencourt, J. D. and Forte, J. G. 1987. Mechanisms of active Cl- secretion by frog gastric mucosa. Am. J. Physiol. 252: 543-547.

Reisz, R. R. and Seus, H.-D. 1996. Herbivory in late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic amniote tetrapods. In Sixth North American Paleontological Convention Abstracts of Papers, ed. J. E. Repetski, p. 323. Knoxville: The Paleontological Society.

Reynolds, D. A. Rajendran, V. M. and Binder, H. J. 1992. Bicarbonate-stimulated [14]butyrate uptake in basolateral membrane vesicles of rat distal colon. Gastroenterology 105: 725-732.

Reuss, L. 1991. Salt and water transport by gallbladder epithelium.  In Handbook of Physiology, Sec.6: The Gastrointestinal System, Vol. 4 Intestinal Absorption and Secretion, ed. S.G. Schultz, M. Field, R.A. Frizzell and B.B. Rauner, pp. 303-322.  Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Society.

Richardson, K. C., and Creed, K. 1981.  Aspects of haustral motility of the stomach of macropods.  Proc. Aust. Physiol. Pharmacol. Soc. 12:  24P.

Richardson, K. C. and Wyburn, R. S. 1983. Electromyographic events in the stomach of a small kangaroo, the tammer wallaby (Macropus eugenii) J. Physiol. 342: 453-463.

Richardson, K. C. and Wyburn, R. S. 1988. Electromyography of the stomach and small intestine of the tammer wallaby, Macropus eugennii, and the quokka, Setonix brachyurus. Aust. J. Zool. 36: 363-371.

Rieger, I. 1990. Hyenas. In Grzimek’s Encyclopedia of Mammals, Vol. 3.  pp. 557-571. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Ridgway, S. H. 1972.  Mammals of the Sea. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

Rimmer, D. W. and Wiebe, W. J. 1987. Fermentative microbial digestion in herbivorous fishes. J. Fish Biol. 31: 229-236.

Roberts, M. C. 1975. The development and distribution of mucosal enzymes in the small intestine of the foetus and the young foal.  J. Reprod. Fert. (Suppl.) 23:  717-723.

Roberts, R. G., Flannery, T. F. Ayliffi, L. K., Yoshida, H., Olley, J. M., Pridnuy, E. J., Laslell, G. M., Baynes, A., Smith, M. A., Jones, R., and Smith, B. L. 2001. New ages for the last Australian megafauna: Continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago, Science 292: 1888-1892.  
  
Robertshaw, D. 1984. The Evolution of Homeothermy: from Dinosaurs to Man. Special Report 329, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Missouri-Columbia.

Robinson, G. B. 1960.  The hydrolysis of dipeptides by rat intestinal extracts.  Biochim. Biophys. Acta 44: 386-387.

Roby, D. D. Place, A. R. and Ricklefs, R. E. 1986. Assimilation and deposition of wax esters in planktivorous sea birds. J. Exp. Zool. 238: 29-41.

Roche, M., and Ruckebusch, Y. 1978. A basic relationship between gastric and duodenal motilities in chickens.  Am. J. Physical. 235: E670-E677.

Roediger, W. E. W. 1991. Cellular metabolism of short-chain fatty acids in colonic epithelial cells. In Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Metabolism and Clinical Importance, ed. A. F. Roche, pp. 67-71. Columbus Ohio: Ross Laboratories.  

Roman, C., and Gonella, J. 1981.  Extrinsic control of digestive tract motility.  In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Vol. 1, ed. L. R. Johnson, J. Christensen, M. I. Grossman, E. D. Jacobson, and S. G. Schultz, pp. 289-334.  New York: Raven Press.

Romer, A. S. 1966.  Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Rose, R. C.  1987. Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, ed. L. R. Johnson, J. R. Christensen, M. J. Jackson, E. D. Jacobson and J. H. Walsh, pp. 1581-1596. New York: Raven Press.

Rosen C. 2000. World Resources 2000-2001. People and Ecosystems: The fraying web of life.  Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science. 390 p.

Rübsamen, K. and Engelhardt, W. v. 1978. Bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in forestomach of the llama.  Am. J. Physiol. 234: E1-E6.

Rübsamen, K., Hume, I. D., and Engelhardt, W. v. 1982. Physiology of the rock hyrax.  Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 72A: 271-277.

Rübsamen, K., and Kettembeil, S. 1980. Effect of water restriction on oxygen uptake, evaporative water loss and body temperature of the rock hyrax. J. Comp. Physiol.B 138: 315-320.

Ruckebusch, Y. 1981.  Motor functions of the intestine.  In Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, vol. 25, ed. C. E. Cornelius and C. F. Simpson, pp. 345-369. New York: Academic Press.