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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES

REFERENCES: G


Gabel, G., and Martens, H. 1991. Transport of Na+ and Cl- across the forestomach epithelium: Mechanisms and interactions with short-chain fatty acids.  In: Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants, ed. T. Tsuda, Y. Sasaki and R. Kawashima, pp 129-151. San Diego: Academic Press

Galton, P. M., and Jensen, J. A. 1978. Remains of Ornithopod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of North America. Brigham Young Univ. Geol. Stud. 25: 1-10.

Gamble, J. I. 1954. Chemical Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of Extracellular Fluid. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Garner, A. and Flemström, G. 1978.  Gastric HCO3- secretion in the guinea pig.  Am. J. Physiol.234: E535-E541.

Garza, M. D. T. and Hernandez, R. M. 1986. Two new species of Nyctherus (Heterotrichidae, Protozoa) from the cecum of the iguana Ctenosaura pectinata from Islas Marias, Nayarit, Mexico. Rev. Biol. Tropica 34: 225-229.

Gasaway, W. C. 1976a.  Seasonal variation in diet, volatile fatty acid production and size of the cecum of rock ptarmigan.  Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A  53: 109-114.

Gasaway, W. C. 1976b. Volatile fatty acids and metabolizable energy derived from cecal fermentation in the willow ptarmigan. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 53: 115-121.

Gasaway, W. C., and Coady, J. W. 1974. Review of energy requirements and rumen fermentation in moose and other ruminants. Naturaliste Can. 101: 227-262.

Gasaway, W. C., Holleman, D. F., and White, R. G. 1975.  Flow of digesta in the intestine and cecum of the rock ptarmigan. Condor 77: 467-474.

Gauthier, J. 1986. Saurischian  monophyly and the origin of birds. In The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Ed. K. Padian. pp. 1-55. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences.

Gerencser, G. A. 1988. Sodium and chloride transport across the molluskan gut. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90: 621-626.

Gershon, M. D., and Erde, S. M. 1980. The nervous system of the gut. Gastroenterology 80: 1571-1594.

Gibson, R., and Barker, P. L. 1979.  The decapod hepatopancreas. Oceonogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 17: 285-346.

Gilmore, C. W. 1933. On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasa Formation. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 67: 23-78.

Glinsky, M. J., Smith, R. M., Spires, H. R., and Davis, C. L. 1976.  Measurement of volatile fatty acid production rates in the cecum of the pony. J. Anim. Sci.42:1469-1470.

Goodall, E. D., and Kay, R. N. B. 1965. Digestion and absorption in the large intestine of sheep. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 176: 12-23.

Gordon, J. G. 1968.  Rumination and its significance. In World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 9:  251-273.

Gordon, H. A., and Bruckner, G. 1984.  Anomalous lower bowel function and related phenomena in germ-free animals.  In The Germ-Free Animal in Biomedical Research, ed. M. E. Coates and B. E. Gustafsson, pp. 193-213. London: Laboratory Animals Ltd.

Gossling, J., Loesche, W. J., and Nace, G. W. 1982.  Large intestine bacterial flora of nonhibernating and hibernating leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:59-66.

Goyal, R. K., and Paterson, W. G. 1989. Esophageal motility.  In Handbook of Physiology, Sec.6: Alimentary Canal, Vol.1: Motility and Circulation, ed. S. G. Schultz, J. D. Wood and B. B. Rauner, pp 939-973. Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Society.

Grajal, A. 1995. Structure and function of the digestive tract of the hoatzin (Opisthocomas hoatzin) a folivorous bird with foregut fermentation. Auk 112: 20-28.

Grajal, A., and Parra, O. 1995. Passage rates of digesta markers in the hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin, a folivorous bird with foregut fermentation. Condor 97: 675-683.

Grajal, A, Strahl S. D., Parra, R., Dominguez, M. G., Neher, A. 1989. Foregut fermentation in the hoatzin, a neotropical bird. Science 245: 1236-1238.

Griffiths, R. W., Pang, P. K., Srivastvaa, A. K. and Pickford, G. E. 1973. Serum composition of freshwater stingrays (Potamo trygonidae) adapted to fresh and dilute seawater. Biol. Bull.(Woods Hole) 144: 304-320.

Grizmek, B. 1975. Egg-laying mammals. In Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 10, Mammals I, pp. 38-50. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Grzimek, B. 1975. Wombats. In Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 12, Mammals I, pp. 129-146. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Grzimek, B., and Heinemann, D. 1975. Kangaroos. In: Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 12, Mammals I, pp. 147-173. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Guard, C. L. 1980.  The reptilian digestive system: general characteristics. In Comparative Physiology: Primitive Mammals, ed. K. Schmidt-Nielsen, L. Bolis, C. R. Taylor, P. T. Bentley, and C. E. Stevens, pp. 43-51. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Guppy, M. 1986. The hibernating bear: why is it so hot, and why does it cycle urea through the gut. Trends Biochem. Sci. 11: 274-276.

Guyton, A. C. 1986. Transport through cell membranes. In Textbook of Medical Physiology, 7th ed. pp. 88-100. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.