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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES

MAMMALS: Pig, domestic

Pig (photo by Biomedical Communication Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, N. C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27606)



Pig (Sus scrofa) digestive tract (Stevens & Hume 1995)



Figure 4.10.  The large intestine of the pig.  (Modified from de Lahunta and Habel 1986.)  (CD Figure 5.10)



Figure 6.2.  Percentage of digesta fluid and particulate markers (+/- SE) recovered from the gastrointestinal tract of the pig at various times following their oral administration during feeding. Fluid markers consisted of PEG or 51Cr-EDTA.  Plastic markers consisted of polyethylene tubing with an outside diameter of 2 mm, cut into lengths of 2 mm.  S = stomach; SI = small intestine; Ce = cecum; PC = proximal colon; C = colon; TC = terminal colon. Particles were selectively retained by the stomach and the large intestine. (Modified from Clemens, Stevens, and Southworth 1975.)  (CD Figure 7.1b)


Table 7-3  (CD Table 8.3)



Table 7-5b  (CD Table 8.6b)

Enzymatic activity is designated as + (present), trace or 0 (absent). Results in brackets indicate use of and alternate substrate. All data from adult specimens. (from Vonk and Western 1984 plus perissodactyla data from Roberts 1975)


Table 7.8.  (CD Table 8.11)

0, no absorption or transfer; + to +++, degrees of absorption or transfer. (from Brambell 1970)



Figure 8.6. Concentrations of VFA (SCFA) along the gastrointestinal tracts of mammalian carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores. Animals were fed a at 12 hour intervals.  Each value represents the mean (+/- SE) of 12 samples, consisting of three samples collected at two, four, eight, and 12 hours after a meal, from the oral (S1) and aboral (S2) segments of the stomach, three equal-length segments of the small intestine (SI1, SI2, SI3), the cecum (Ce), and two or three equal-length segments of the colon (C1, C2, C3).  (Modified from Argenzio et al. 1974; Clemens et al. 1975a; Clemens and Stevens 1979; Clemens 1980.)  (CD Figure 9.6)


Table 8.7a.  (CD Table 9.7a)

* Absorption from cecum (or ceca) alone.
Dashes indicate absence of information. Contributions of SCFA to maintenance energy were estimated from the rate of SCFA production by in vitro isotope dilution or measurements of digesta flow. Total maintenance energy was either calculated as twice the BMR or assumed to be equivalent to ad libitum digestible energy intake in captive, nonreproducing, and adult animals. (From Stevens and Hume 1995.)
 


Figure 9.4b.  Mean (+/- SE) values for digesta pH in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs 2 hours (closed triangle), 4 hours (open circle), 8 hours (x), and 12 hours (closed circle) after a meal. The segments of the tract are the cranial (S1) and caudal (S2) halves of the stomach, equal succeeding segments of small intestine (SI1, SI2), the cecum (Ce), and equal lengths of succeeding segments of colon (PC, CCp, CCa, TC), plus the rectum (R). (Argenzio and Southworth 1974) (CD Figure 10.4b)