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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES

MAMMALS: Human

Adult human (homo sapiens) digestive tract (Stevens & Hume 1995)



Human fetus digestive tract (Stevens & Hume 1995)



Figure 2.1.  Relationship between mass-specific metabolic rate (ml O₂/g^.h) or metabolic intensity and log of body mass for eutherian mammals ranging from 6 g shrews to 1,300-kg elephants. Note the inverse relationship between mass-specific metabolic rate and body mass. (From Schmidt-Nielsen 1984).  (CD Figure 3.1)



Figure 4.10.  The large intestine of the human.  (Modified from de Lahunta and Habel 1986.)  (CD Figure 5.10)



Figure 5.2.  Basal electrical rhythm of the human stomach. Slow waves of partial depolarization of the
circular muscle is initiated by a pacemaker and passes over the distal half of the stomach. These  
initiate contractions when accompanied by spike potentials.  (Stevens 2002)  (CD Figure 6.2)


Table 7.3.  (CD Table 8.3)



Table 7.8.  (CD Table 8.11)

0, no absorption or transfer; + to +++, degrees of absorption or transfer. (from Brambell 1970)


Table 8.3.  (CD Table 9.3)



Table 8.4.  (CD Table 9.4)



Table 8.7a.  (CD Table 9.7a)

* Absorption from cecum (or ceca) alone.
Dashes indicate absence of information. Contributions of SCFA to maintenance energy were estimated from the rate of SCFA production by in vitro isotope dilution or measurements of digesta flow. Total maintenance energy was either calculated as twice the BMR or assumed to be equivalent to ad libitum digestible energy intake in captive, nonreproducing, and adult animals. (From Stevens and Hume 1995.)


Table 9.1.  (CD Table 10.1)

Values for humans are estimates for an individual starved for 24 hours prior to measurements (Soergal & Hofmann 1972). Other values are means for sheep (Denton 1957, Harrison 1962, Hill 1965, Kay 1960, Kay & Pfeffer 1970, MaGee 1961, Taylor 1961), and means for ponies (Alexander & Hickson 1970, Argenzio et al. 1974)


Table 9.2.  (CD Table 10.2)

(Stevens & Hume 1995)



Figure 9.1.  Electrolyte composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments of humans. (Modified from Guyton 1986)   (CD Figure 10.1)



Figure 9.7.  Concentration of major electrolytes in the saliva of humans (From Thaysen, Thorn, and Schwartz 1954) and sheep (From Argenzio 1984a) as a function of the rate of salivary flow.  (CD Figure 10.7)



Figure 9.8. Electrolyte transport across the acinar (A and B) and duct (C) cells of the parotid salivary glands of humans, dogs, cats, and rats. (Modified from Cook, Van Lennep, Roberts, and Young 1994.)  (CD Figure 10.8)



Figure 9.12a.  Pathways for the transport of sodium ions across human intestinal epithelium.  The thickness of arrow heads represents relative degree of transport. (From Chang and Rao 1994.)  (CD Figure 10.12a)



Figure 9.12b.  Pathways for the transport of chlorine ions across human intestinal epithelium.  The thickness of arrow heads represents relative degree of transport. (From Chang and Rao 1994.)  (CD Figure 10.12b)



Figure 9.12.  Pathways for the transport of ions across human intestinal epithelium.  The thickness of arrow heads represents relative degree of transport. (From Chang and Rao 1994.)  (CD Figure 10.12)